By performing the wiring of Figure 45, it is possible to use the CARRY output to preposition the meter.

When the counter goes to state 15, the LOAD input goes to the L level and the loading takes place at the next clock edge (synchronous LOAD input).

The timing diagram of Figure 46 shows an example of operation with this arrangement.

The counter is prepositioned in state 13 and its module is 3 (states 13, 14 and 15).

With this type of assembly, it is possible to go from a predetermined state (here 13) to state 15 (in the case of a modulo counter 16), but this counter does not go through the states 0, 1, 2 ...

If one wants to start the counting phase starting from 0, it is necessary to carry out one of the two montages of Figure 47.

In Figure 47-a, when the output of the counter goes to 0101₂ = 5₁₀, the LOAD input goes to 0. So, at the next clock signal, the counter goes back to 0 since the four inputs prepositioning are wired to the ground (synchronous LOAD input).

It is also possible to use the CLEAR input as shown in Figure 47-b ; this CLEAR input is also synchronous.

In both cases, the NAND gate is used to detect the state of the counter so that it returns to 0.

However, this system is too rigid because it imposes a given combinational network to achieve a defined module counter. However, with a prepositionable counter, it is sufficient to change the data on the prepositioning entries to modify the module.

6. 2. - INTEGRATED METER HEF 4029B      [Return to Chapter 5]

It is a 4-bit binary / decimal synchronous counter / decounter realized in MOS technology.

Its block diagram and pinout are given in Figure 48.

The clock signal is applied to the CP input. It is the rising edges that are active. is a validation entry. If it is at level H, the counter is inhibited as well as the restraint. PL is the priority asynchronous parallel loading entry. As soon as it goes on level H, the four data present on P0, P1, P2 and P3 are transferred on the outputs O0, O1, O2 and O3.

The command UP / allows to count (UP / at level H), or to count down (UP / at level L).

The command BIN / allows counting / down counting either in binary code (BIN / at level H), or in decimal code (BIN / at level L).

The output is normally at level H nd goes to level L when the counter reaches the maximum count counting count or the minimum countdown countdown mode provided that is at level L.

We will see in the following chapter the use that is made of this output .

The table in Figure 49 shows the different modes of operation of this meter.

Overall, there are four modes of operation since there are two command entries (BIN / and UP / ) allowing four combinations.

The state diagrams in Figures 50 and 51 represent these four modes of operation.

In Figure 50, you may notice that if the counter is in a state between 10 and 15 (power-on case), it re-enters the state ring after a certain number of clock pulses. For example, from state 12, it goes to state 13 and then to state 4 in counting mode.

The timing diagram of Figure 52 illustrates the operation of this counter in decimal mode. The entry BIN / is at level L.

At time t1, the command PL (loading of the counter) goes to the level L. So at the active clock edge that follows, the counting can begin.

is in state «0». The count is validated. The counter progresses from «0» at «9». As soon as it goes to «9» at time t2, the output (held) goes to level L.

During this state 9, the command entry UP / passes to level L, so the counter will go into countdown mode. Immediately, the output returns to level H since the counter is in countdown mode. At the next active clock edge, the counter goes to 8 and then to 7 ... to 0.

At time t3, the down-counter goes to «0» but the output remains at level H since the validation input has just passed to level H.

On the other hand, after a period of the clock signal, this entry passes to the level L and consequently the exit can pass to the level L.

At time t4, the command PL goes to level H so the counter is loaded and the latter goes to state «6».

It would be possible to draw the same type of timing diagram for the binary mode.

7. - HIGH CAPACITY COUNTERS

7. 1. - MEETING OF MULTIPLE COUNTERS IN CASCADE

We can make two remarks :

      Firstly, by using individualized flip-flops, we are very quickly limited in the capacity of such a counter.

Indeed, it becomes necessary to use a large number of integrated circuits (flip-flops and combinatorial network).

      Then, existing counters in the form of integrated circuits hardly exceed a dozen stages (type 4040), therefore limit the capacity to 4095 = 2¹² - 1.

There are built-in counters with up to 24 stages (circuit 4521), but not all stages have an output. These circuits are generally used as dividers and not as counters.

For this reason, several counters are assembled together as shown schematically in Figure 53.

 

Simply connect the Q4 output of a counter (synchronous or asynchronous) of rank N to the clock input of the next counter (of rank N + 1). An inverter is interposed between this output Q4 and the clock input because it is active on the rising edge (in this case).

If each counter has a module equal to 16 (divisor by 16), the total module is equal to 16^N, if N is the total number of counters.

On the Q4 output of the Nth counter, it is possible to collect a frequency signal :

Clock frequency / 16 ^N

For two counters in series, the module is 256 (16 x 16) and the clock signal is divided by 256.

Some meters have a CARRY output and two counter enable inputs (for example, CEP and CET).

If both of these inputs go to L, the counter hangs in the state it is in at that time.

These characteristics enable the assembly of Figure 54 to be carried out.

When the counter N° 1 reaches its maximum capacity, the output CARRY goes to the level H and consequently, to the active front of the clock which will follow, the counter N° 2 will be incremented (case of a counter) and the counter N° 1 will go to state «0». At this point, the CARRY output goes back to L level, which invalidates counter N° 2 again.

Counter N° 3 is incremented only if the CARRY outputs of the first two counters are at level H. At this time, the CEP input of counter N° 3 returns to level L, which invalidates it again and and so on ...

It should be noted that the CARRY output goes to H level only if the meter has reached its maximum capacity and if its CET input is at level H.

Thus, it is certain that a counter of rank N will increment only if all the counters which preceded it reached their maximum capacity.

With up / down counters having two clock inputs (one for counting mode, the other for down counting mode), a CARRY output and a BORROW output, it is possible to edit Figure 55.

The UP input is the counting input and the DOWN input is the counting input.

In counting mode, the operation is identical to that of the assembly of Figure 53.

In the present case, the output CARRY is active at 0. When the counter N° 1 is at the state 15, the output CARRY is at the level L. At the following clock edge, it returns to the level H and allows the incrementation of counter N° 2. The operation of the assembly is asynchronous.

In downcount mode, the BORROW (down countdown) output goes to L when the down counter reaches 0.

Thus, when a new active edge appears on the DOWN input of the counter N° 1, the latter returns to the state 15 and the output BORROW to the state «1», which decreases by one unit the counter N° 2.

7. 2. - EXAMPLE OF MAKING A HIGH-CAPACITY METER WITH INTEGRATED METER HEF 4029 B

By connecting several HEF 4029 B meters as shown in Figure 56, it is possible to obtain a high capacity counter / down counter.

The validation input of the first counter is wired to ground permanently.

Then, the output of each counter is connected to the entry of the following counter. Therefore, for a stage (a HEF 4029 B counter) of rank N to be incremented (decrement), its entry must be at the level L, so that the counter of rank N - 1 has reached its maximum capacity (in this case, the output passes to level L).

Moreover, in order for the output of the counter of rank N - 1 to be at the level L, it is also necessary that its entry is at the level L.

Therefore, for a counter of rank N to increment (decrement), all the counters that precede it must have reached their maximum capacity.

With this montage ends this theory on the counters.

The following theory will introduce you to decoding systems and displays.

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